Are Natural Language Inference Models IMPPRESsive? Learning IMPlicature and PRESupposition

June 19, 2020

Abstract

Natural language inference (NLI) is an increasingly important task for natural language understanding, which requires one to infer whether a sentence entails another. However, the ability of NLI models to make pragmatic inferences remains understudied. We create an IMPlicature and PRESupposition diagnostic dataset (IMPPRES), consisting of >25k semi-automatically generated sentence pairs illustrating well-studied pragmatic inference types. We use IMPPRES to evaluate whether BERT, InferSent, and BOW NLI models trained on MultiNLI (Williams et al., 2018) learn to make pragmatic inferences. Although MultiNLI appears to contain very few pairs illustrating these inference types, we find that BERT learns to draw pragmatic inferences. It reliably treats scalar implicatures triggered by “some” as entailments. For some presupposition triggers like only, BERT reliably recognizes the presupposition as an entailment, even when the trigger is embedded under an entailment canceling operator like negation. BOW and InferSent show weaker evidence of pragmatic reasoning. We conclude that NLI training encourages models to learn some, but not all, pragmatic inferences.

Download the Paper

AUTHORS

Written by

Adina Williams

Suvrat Bhooshan

Alex Warstadt

Paloma Jeretic

Publisher

ACL

Research Topics

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Related Publications

July 02, 2025

REINFORCEMENT LEARNING

NLP

ASTRO: Teaching Language Models to Reason by Reflecting and Backtracking In-Context

Joongwon (Daniel) Kim, Anirudh Goyal, Liang Tan, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Srini Iyer, Tianlu Wang

July 02, 2025

Read the Paper

June 27, 2025

HUMAN & MACHINE INTELLIGENCE

CONVERSATIONAL AI

Seamless Interaction: Dyadic Audiovisual Motion Modeling and Large-Scale Dataset

Vasu Agrawal, Akinniyi Akinyemi, Kathryn Alvero, Morteza Behrooz, Julia Buffalini, Fabio Maria Carlucci, Joy Chen, Junming Chen, Zhang Chen, Shiyang Cheng, Praveen Chowdary, Joe Chuang, Antony D'Avirro, Jon Daly, Ning Dong, Mark Duppenthaler, Cynthia Gao, Jeff Girard, Martin Gleize, Sahir Gomez, Hongyu Gong, Srivathsan Govindarajan, Brandon Han, Sen He, Denise Hernandez, Yordan Hristov, Rongjie Huang, Hirofumi Inaguma, Somya Jain, Raj Janardhan, Qingyao Jia, Christopher Klaiber, Dejan Kovachev, Moneish Kumar, Hang Li, Yilei Li, Pavel Litvin, Wei Liu, Guangyao Ma, Jing Ma, Martin Ma, Xutai Ma, Lucas Mantovani, Sagar Miglani, Sreyas Mohan, Louis-Philippe Morency, Evonne Ng, Kam-Woh Ng, Tu Anh Nguyen, Amia Oberai, Benjamin Peloquin, Juan Pino, Jovan Popovic, Omid Poursaeed, Fabian Prada, Alice Rakotoarison, Alexander Richard, Christophe Ropers, Safiyyah Saleem, Vasu Sharma, Alex Shcherbyna, Jie Shen, Anastasis Stathopoulos, Anna Sun, Paden Tomasello, Tuan Tran, Arina Turkatenko, Bo Wan, Chao Wang, Jeff Wang, Mary Williamson, Carleigh Wood, Tao Xiang, Yilin Yang, Zhiyuan Yao, Chen Zhang, Jiemin Zhang, Xinyue Zhang, Jason Zheng, Pavlo Zhyzheria, Jan Zikes, Michael Zollhoefer